JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech II MINE SURVEYING Previous Question Paper (April/May - 2023 - R18)

Plane surveying is a branch of surveying in which the surface of the Earth is considered as a plane surface rather than a curved one. In this method, the curvature of the Earth is ignored, and all triangles formed by survey lines are treated as plane triangles, meaning the sum of their interior angles is assumed to be exactly 180 degrees. This approach is typically applied to small areas where the error introduced by neglecting the Earth's curvature is negligible.

In surveying, meridians are reference lines used to determine the direction of survey lines. There are three primary types:

• True Meridian: The line passing through the geographical North and South poles. It is constant for any given point on the Earth's surface and is determined by astronomical observations.
• Magnetic Meridian: The direction indicated by a freely suspended, balanced magnetic needle unaffected by local attraction. This meridian changes over time due to secular and diurnal variations.
• Arbitrary Meridian: A convenient reference line chosen by a surveyor for a specific small-scale survey, such as a line connecting two well-defined permanent stations, to which all other lines in the survey are referenced.