JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Tech II MINE SURVEYING Previous Question Paper (August/September - 2022 - R18)
Answer any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Main
What is total station? Describe various parts of a total station with suitable figure and explain the procedure how to use it to measure the horizontal distances and co-ordinates of points?
Answer
A Total Station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and building construction. It integrates an electronic theodolite with an electronic distance meter (EDM) and an onboard computer to automatically measure horizontal and vertical angles, as well as slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. By processing this data, the instrument computes the three-dimensional coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the surveyed points in real-time.
The primary components of a total station include:
- Telescope: Used for sighting the target; it is mounted on the horizontal axis and can rotate vertically.
- Electronic Distance Meter (EDM): Emits infrared or laser beams to measure the distance to a prism or reflective surface based on phase shift or time-of-flight principles.
- Electronic Theodolite: Uses optical encoders to measure horizontal and vertical angles with high precision.
- Microprocessor/Data Collector: The onboard computer that performs trigonometric calculations, stores data, and manages settings.
- Leveling Base (Tribrach): Equipped with foot screws to level the instrument over a survey station.
- Display and Control Panel: An interface for the surveyor to input data, view coordinates, and control instrument functions.
The procedure for measuring horizontal distances and coordinates is as follows:
- Setup and Centering: Place the tripod over the survey station and mount the total station. Use the optical plummet or laser plummet to center the instrument precisely over the station mark.
- Leveling: Adjust the foot screws using the electronic or circular bubble to ensure the instrument is perfectly horizontal.
- Orientation: Input the instrument's coordinates (or assume a local coordinate system) and the height of the instrument. Sight a known reference point (backsight) to orient the instrument to North or a specific baseline.
- Measurement: Aim the telescope at the prism mounted on a range pole at the target point. Trigger the measurement; the EDM measures the slope distance, while the theodolite measures the horizontal and vertical angles.
- Computation: The onboard processor uses the measured distance and angles to calculate the horizontal distance using the formula D = S × cos(θ)where S is the slope distance and θ is the vertical angle. It then applies the coordinates of the instrument station and the bearing to determine the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the target point.
Write short notes on:
Remote sensing
Answer
Remote sensing is the science and art of acquiring information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in physical contact with the object. It involves detecting and measuring electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the Earth's surface.
The process follows a sequence: energy source (usually the Sun), transmission through the atmosphere, interaction with the target, recording by a sensor, and data processing. Sensors can be passive, detecting natural radiation, or active, emitting their own energy (like RADAR or LiDAR). In mining, remote sensing is extensively used for geological mapping, monitoring slope stability, identifying mineral deposits, and assessing environmental impacts such as land degradation or vegetation loss.
Global Positioning System (GPS).
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Explain the characteristics of contours with suitable figures.
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The following consecutive readings were taken with a level and using a 4m leveling staff on a continuously sloping ground at common intervals of 30m. 0.855 (on A), 1.545, 2.335, 3.115, 3.825, 0.455, 1.380, 2.055, 2.855, 3.455, 0.585, 1.015, 1.850, 2.755, 3.845 (on B). The R.L. of A was 380.500. Enter above readings in a level book and apply usual checks. Determine the gradient of AB.
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Explain the procedure to conduct closed traversing between points A, B, C, D, E using a vernier theodolite with suitable diagram and how to balance the traverse by Bow ditch method to adjust closing error.
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An embankment of 10m width and side slopes 1.5: 1 is required to be made on a ground which is level in a direction traverse to the centre line. The central heights at 40m intervals are as follows: 0.90, 1.25, 2.15, 1.85, 1.35 and 0.85. Calculate the volume of earth work according to (a) the trapezoidal formula (b) the prismoidal formula.
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Explain the procedure to lay a simple circular curve by Rankine’s method with a suitable figure.
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Describe the procedure to measure the depth of a shaft with necessary diagram(s). State the precautions to be taken during such operation.
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