JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD Pharm. D I Year PHARMACEUTICS Previous Question Paper (January - 2022 - R08)
Answer any five questions
All questions carry equal marks
Main
Define prescription. Explain parts of a prescription. Add a note on pricing of a prescription.
Answer
A prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner, dentist, or veterinarian to a pharmacist, directing the preparation and dispensing of a specific medication for a patient.
The parts of a prescription are as follows:
- Date: Enables the pharmacist to determine when the prescription was written and ensures the medication is not expired.
- Patient Information: Includes the name, address, and age of the patient to ensure correct identification and dosage calculation.
- Superscription: Represented by the symbol 'Rx', derived from the Latin word 'recipe', meaning 'you take'.
- Inscription: The main body of the prescription containing the names and quantities of the prescribed ingredients.
- Subscription: Directions to the pharmacist regarding the dosage form to be prepared and the number of doses to be dispensed.
- Signatura (Sig): Instructions for the patient regarding the route of administration, dose, and frequency of use.
- Renewal Instructions: Specifies whether the prescription can be refilled and how many times.
- Signature, Address, and Registration Number: The prescriber's details to authenticate the order.
The pricing of a prescription is determined based on the cost of the ingredients used, the professional service fee of the pharmacist, and the container/packaging costs. In many regions, this is calculated using a standard formula: Total Price = (Cost of ingredients + Dispensing fee + Container charges). The dispensing fee covers the pharmacist's professional expertise, overheads, and labor involved in compounding or dispensing the medication.
Give a detailed account on development of pharmaceutical industries in India.
Answer
The development of the Indian pharmaceutical industry has evolved through several distinct phases, transforming from a dependency on imports to becoming the 'pharmacy of the world'.
1. Pre-Independence Era: The industry was largely unorganized and dominated by imported finished formulations. Early pioneers like Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, founded by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray in 1901, marked the beginning of indigenous manufacturing.
2. Post-Independence Era (1947-1970s): Following independence, the government prioritized self-sufficiency. The establishment of public sector undertakings like Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd (HAL) and Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd (IDPL) provided the foundation for bulk drug production. The 1970 Patents Act was a landmark development, as it allowed process patents rather than product patents, enabling Indian companies to reverse-engineer and manufacture affordable generic versions of essential medicines.
3. Liberalization Era (1990s): The economic reforms of 1991 opened the market to foreign investment and global competition. This era saw Indian companies investing heavily in R&D and quality compliance to meet international standards (USFDA, MHRA), leading to a massive surge in pharmaceutical exports.
4. Current Status: Today, India is the largest provider of generic drugs globally. The industry is characterized by a strong presence in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), biosimilars, and complex formulations. It is supported by a robust network of pharmacy colleges, research institutes, and a highly skilled workforce, contributing significantly to global healthcare accessibility through cost-effective medication.
Define Posology. Give formulae are used to calculate child dose based on age.
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Write brief history of Indian Pharmacopoeia.
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If 15 gms of urea dissolved in 150 ml of water, calculate strength of solution (W/V).
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Convert 30UP, 40OP to real strength of alcohol.
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Write notes on:
Dusting powders
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Throat paints
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Collodions.
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Define emulsions. Classify them; Write about various tests used to identify type of emulsion.
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Write a detailed account on suppository bases.
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What is displacement value? Give its importance.
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Explain percolation process in detail.
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Write short notes on sutures.
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Define incompatibilities. Classify them. Give a detailed account on physical incompatibilities with suitable examples.
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