JNTU
JNTU Pharm. D II Year PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY Previous Question Paper (April/May - 2019 - R08)
Answer any five questions
All questions carry equal marks
Main
Describe the ultrastructure of bacteria and the different diseases caused by bacteria.
Answer
The bacterial cell is a complex prokaryotic structure lacking membrane-bound organelles. Its ultrastructure consists of several key components:
- Cell Envelope: Comprises the glycocalyx (capsule or slime layer) for protection, the rigid cell wall (peptidoglycan) providing structural integrity, and the plasma membrane, which regulates transport and houses respiratory enzymes.
- Cytoplasm: A gel-like matrix containing ribosomes (70S) for protein synthesis, inclusion bodies for nutrient storage, and the nucleoid, an irregularly shaped region containing the circular double-stranded DNA.
- Appendages: Flagella facilitate motility, while pili and fimbriae assist in attachment to surfaces and genetic material transfer via conjugation.
- Endospores: Highly resistant, dormant structures formed by certain genera like Bacillus and Clostridium to survive harsh environmental conditions.
Bacteria are responsible for a wide range of human diseases, categorized by the systems they affect:
- Respiratory Infections: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, while Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis.
- Gastrointestinal Infections: Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever, and Vibrio cholerae is responsible for cholera.
- Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of boils, abscesses, and wound infections.
- Systemic and Neurological Infections: Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, and Neisseria meningitidis leads to bacterial meningitis.
- Urinary Tract Infections: Escherichia coli is the most frequent pathogen associated with cystitis and pyelonephritis.
Write notes on the following:
Nutritional requirements of bacteria
Answer
Bacteria require specific nutrients to synthesize cellular components, generate energy, and maintain metabolic functions. These requirements are classified based on their chemical nature and the quantity needed.
The primary nutritional requirements include:
- Water: Constitutes 70-80% of the bacterial cell, acting as a solvent for nutrients and a medium for metabolic reactions.
- Carbon Source: Essential for building cellular structures. Autotrophs utilize inorganic carbon (CO2), while heterotrophs require organic carbon sources like glucose or amino acids.
- Nitrogen Source: Necessary for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and enzymes. Bacteria may utilize inorganic nitrogen (ammonia, nitrates) or organic nitrogen (peptones, amino acids).
- Mineral Salts: Inorganic ions such as phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron are required for enzyme activation, ATP synthesis, and cell wall stability.
- Growth Factors: Organic compounds like vitamins, amino acids, or purines that the bacteria cannot synthesize themselves and must be provided in the medium.
- Energy Source: Phototrophs derive energy from light, whereas chemotrophs obtain energy through the oxidation of chemical compounds.
Enriches media.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Explain about the different techniques used for isolation and identification of bacteria.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Give an account of sterilization methods including their merits and demerits.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Write notes on the following:
Disinfectants and their mechanism of action
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Evaluation of preservatives in pharmaceutical preparations.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Write notes on the following:
General principles of natural immunity
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Antigen-Antibody reactions.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Write about the southern and western blot techniques as diagnostic tools.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Write notes on the following infections diseases:
Cholera
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
HIV.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.