JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD Pharm. D II Year PHARMACOLOGY-I Previous Question Paper (November/December - 2021 - R08)
Answer any five questions
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Main
Describe in detail about ligand, agonist, partial agonist, inverse agonist, antagonist and their types with suitable examples. Also explain the concept of up and down regulation of receptors with relevant examples.
Answer
A ligand is any molecule that binds to a receptor to initiate a biological response. An agonist (e.g., adrenaline) binds to and activates a receptor, producing a full biological response. A partial agonist (e.g., buprenorphine) binds to the receptor but produces a sub-maximal response even at full occupancy. An inverse agonist (e.g., naloxone in certain states) binds to the receptor and reduces its constitutive activity, producing an effect opposite to that of an agonist. An antagonist (e.g., propranolol) binds to the receptor without activating it, preventing the binding of agonists.
Receptor regulation involves changes in receptor density: Down-regulation occurs when prolonged exposure to an agonist leads to a decrease in receptor number or sensitivity (e.g., beta-adrenoceptor desensitization in asthma patients using salbutamol). Up-regulation occurs when chronic exposure to an antagonist leads to an increase in receptor number to compensate for the lack of stimulation (e.g., increased sensitivity of beta-receptors after abrupt withdrawal of beta-blockers).
Drug 'X' was given in 20 mg bolus dose. Plasma concentration at time Zero (C0) was found to be 5 mg/L. What is the Vd (Volume of distribution) for drug ‘X‘?
Answer
The volume of distribution (Vd) is calculated using the formula: Vd = Dose / C0. Given Dose = 20 mg and C0 = 5 mg/L.
The desired plasma concentration of atenolol (C) = 1mg/L and volume of distribution (Vd) = 67L (per 70kg). Calculate the dose (needed) of Atenolol.
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What is bioavailability and bioequivalence and their significance.
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Describe in detail about parasympathomimetic drugs along with their mechanism of action and ADRs.
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Differentiate between mydriactics and miotics along with suitable examples.
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Write the pharmacology of neuromuscular blockers.
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Classify the different stages of hypertension. Name the drugs used for treatment of hypertension.
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Write the treatment of angina as per its classification.
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Write the mechanism of action of digoxin and why beta blockers are prescribed for the treatment of CHF?
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Write a short note on Psychotropic drugs.
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Write the pharmacology of CNS stimulants.
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Write the common ADRs of analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Why beta blockers are contraindicated in asthma?
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Write a short note on antitussives.
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Write the pharmacology of nasal decongestants.
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Write a short note on Insulin and its analogues.
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Write the name and functions of male and female sex hormones.
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Write a short note on Oxytocin.
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Classify lipid derived autacoids along with their mechanism of action.
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Write the pharmacology of 5-HT antagonists.
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Write the pharmacology of sedatives and hypnotics.
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Write a short note on drug interaction along with suitable examples.
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Write the mechanism of action of drugs used for hyper-lipidaemias along with their common ADRs.
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