JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD Pharm. D IV Year BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Previous Question Paper (November/December - 2021 - R08)
Answer any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Main
Explain in detail the steps involved in designing the methodology.
Answer
Designing a research methodology is a systematic process that ensures the validity, reliability, and reproducibility of a study. The key steps involved are as follows:
- Defining the Research Problem: Clearly articulate the research question or hypothesis. This involves conducting a literature review to identify gaps in existing knowledge and establishing the specific objectives of the study.
- Selection of Research Design: Determine the appropriate study design based on the objectives. Common designs include experimental (e.g., randomized controlled trials), observational (e.g., cohort, case-control, cross-sectional), or descriptive studies.
- Defining the Study Population and Sampling: Identify the target population and the accessible population. Select a sampling technique (probability or non-probability sampling) to ensure the sample is representative of the population and to minimize selection bias.
- Data Collection Methods: Decide on the tools and techniques for gathering data. This may involve surveys, questionnaires, interviews, clinical measurements, or extraction from medical records. Ensure the instruments used are validated and reliable.
- Defining Variables and Measurements: Clearly define independent, dependent, and confounding variables. Specify the units of measurement and the operational definitions to ensure consistency across the study.
- Ethical Considerations: Address ethical requirements, including obtaining informed consent from participants, ensuring confidentiality, and securing approval from an Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) or Institutional Review Board (IRB).
- Data Analysis Plan: Pre-determine the statistical methods to be used for data analysis. This includes selecting appropriate descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square, regression) based on the data type and study objectives.
- Pilot Study: Conduct a small-scale trial to test the methodology, identify potential logistical issues, and refine data collection tools before commencing the main study.
- Implementation and Quality Control: Execute the study according to the protocol, maintaining strict adherence to standard operating procedures to minimize errors and biases during data collection.
Obtain the equation of the line of regression of yield of rice (Y) and water (X).
| Water (in inches) | 75 | 86.2 | 77 | 74 | 65 | 84.3 | 82 | 70.5 |
| Yield (in tones) | 2.5 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.0 |
Estimate the probable yield of rice for 75 inches of water.
Answer
To obtain the regression equation of yield (Y) on water (X), we use the formula Y = a + bX, where b is the slope and a is the intercept.
| X | Y | X² | XY |
| 75 | 2.5 | 5625 | 187.5 |
| 86.2 | 3.3 | 7430.44 | 284.46 |
| 77 | 3.0 | 5929 | 231 |
| 74 | 2.4 | 5476 | 177.6 |
| 65 | 2.0 | 4225 | 130 |
| 84.3 | 3.2 | 7106.49 | 269.76 |
| 82 | 3.1 | 6724 | 254.2 |
| 70.5 | 2.0 | 4970.25 | 141 |
| ΣX=615 | ΣY=21.5 | ΣX²=47486.18 | ΣXY=1675.52 |
Calculate the means: X̄ = 615 / 8 = 76.875; Ȳ = 21.5 / 8 = 2.6875. The slope b is calculated as:
Calculate the intercept a:
The regression equation is Y = -5.6995 + 0.1091X. For X = 75 inches of water, the estimated yield is:
Calculate the Mean, Median, S.D, and Variance of the following data.
| Height (Inch) | 95-105 | 105-115 | 115-125 | 125-135 | 135-145 |
| Frequency | 19 | 23 | 36 | 70 | 52 |
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Ten individuals each two strains (A & B) of a species were measured for a particular trait in the environment with the following:
Strain A: 10, 12, 8, 14, 12, 9, 7, 7, 13, 16
Strain B: 13, 9, 14, 12, 10, 13, 15, 11, 14, 12
Is there significant difference in trait between 2 strains? Level of Significance: 0.05. Tabulated value of t value for 18 df at 0.05 is 2.10.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Explain in detail the stepwise computational process of Wilcoxan rank sum test with an example.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
In an experiment different concentration of plant cytokine were applied to the leaves and the emergence of roots were tested. The following results were obtained. Number of roots emerged under different concentration of cytokine (ppm).
| Replicates | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 |
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 |
| 3 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 4 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| 5 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
Apply ANOVA to test whether the different concentration have any effect on root emergence given F 0.01 (3, 16) = 5.3.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Explain the different statistical methods in epidemiology. Explain the basic tools in SPSS software.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.
Discuss in detail about the computerization of prescription dispensing process and add a note on the use of computers in pharmaceutical care.
Answer
Sign in to view the complete answer paper.