JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD B.Pharmacy I Year PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS-I Previous Question Paper (September - 2024 - R17)
Note: i) Question paper consists of Part A, Part B. ii) Part A is compulsory, which carries 25 marks. In Part A, answer all questions. iii) In Part B, Answer any one question from each unit. Each question carries 10 marks and may have a, b as sub questions.
Part A
Enlist the various ways to express concentration and explain any two?
Answer
Concentration can be expressed in various ways including Molarity (M), Molality (m), Normality (N), Formality (F), Mole fraction, Percentage by weight (% w/w), Percentage by volume (% v/v), and Parts per million (ppm).
1. Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.
2. Normality (N) is defined as the number of gram equivalents of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.
What is precision and accuracy in assay.
Answer
Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to the true or accepted reference value. It indicates the systematic error or bias in an analytical method and is typically expressed as the percentage recovery of a known amount of analyte added to the sample.
Precision refers to the degree of agreement or reproducibility between individual test results when the method is applied repeatedly to multiple samplings of a homogeneous sample. It reflects the random error of the method and is usually expressed as standard deviation, variance, or coefficient of variation (relative standard deviation).
In assay, accuracy ensures the method measures the correct amount of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, while precision ensures the consistency and reliability of those measurements across multiple replicates.
Briefly discuss about the various properties of solvents used in non-aqueous titration.
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Describe non-aqueous titration with examples.
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What are metal ion indicators in complexometric titrations?
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Explain the advantages of gravimetric method over other analytical methods.
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How is potassium iodate used in redox titrations? Explain the process.
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Define iodometry and explain its applications in redox titrations.
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Enlist the various reference electrode used in potentiometry titration.
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Explain the principle of conductometric titrations?
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Part B
Define pharmaceutical analysis and its importance in ensuring drug safety and efficacy. Describe the chemical, instrumental, and microbiological analytical methods, with examples. Discuss the role of primary and secondary standards in analysis and detail the procedure for preparing and standardizing a 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution using oxalic acid as a primary standard.
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Identify and describe the sources and types of error, also mentioned the methods to minimize errors. Explain the significance of significant figures in pharmaceutical analysis.
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Explain the theories behind acid-base indicators and their role in titration. Classify the different types of acid-base titrations and describe the shape and significance of neutralization curves involved in titrating weak acids with strong bases.
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Discuss the importance of non-aqueous solvents in titration. Describe the process of acidimetry and alkalimetry in non-aqueous titration and explain how this method is used for the estimation of substances like Ephedrine HCl.
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Describe the principle and procedure of Volhard’s method of precipitation titration. Explain the process of estimating sodium chloride using precipitation titration methods.
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Explain the classification of complexometric titrations and discuss the use of masking and demasking reagents and write the assay calcium gluconate in detail.
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Explain the principles and procedures of cerimetry. How does cerimetry serve as a redox titration method?
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Discuss the concept of iodimetry and its application in redox titrations. How is iodine used as a titrant, and what role does starch play in this process?
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Describe the principles of bromatometry. How is potassium bromate used in redox titrations, and what substances can be analyzed using this method?
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Explain the concept of dichrometry. How does potassium dichromate serve as an oxidizing agent in redox titrations? Provide an example of its application.
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Define conductometry and explain its significance in analytical chemistry. How does conductometric titration differ from other titration methods?
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Describe the construction and working of a conductivity cell in detail.
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Explain the concept of potentiometry. Describe the construction and working of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE).
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Explain llkovic equation of polarography? Explain the construction and working of dropping mercury electrode in detail.
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