Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad B.Tech III COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND OPERATING SYSTEMS Previous Question Paper (March - 2021 - R13/R15)

A computer system consists of five primary functional units that work together to process information: Input Unit, Memory Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Output Unit, and Control Unit.

The Input Unit accepts data and instructions from external sources and converts them into binary format for processing. The Memory Unit (Main Memory) stores programs and data during execution. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) performs all computational tasks, including arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT). The Output Unit translates the processed binary results into human-readable form. The Control Unit acts as the central nervous system, coordinating the activities of all other units by issuing control signals based on the instructions fetched from memory.

The data flow typically moves from the Input Unit to Memory, then to the CPU (ALU and Control Unit), and finally to the Output Unit, with the Control Unit managing the timing and sequencing of these operations.

To represent these numbers in 8-bit format, we first determine the binary equivalent of the absolute values: 45 is 00101101 and 118 is 01110110.

1. Signed Magnitude: The Most Significant Bit (MSB) is the sign bit (0 for positive, 1 for negative).

2. Signed One's Complement: Invert all bits of the positive binary representation.

3. Signed Two's Complement: Add 1 to the One's complement result.