Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad B.Tech II Year TRANSDUCTION OF PHYSICAL VARIABLES Previous Question Paper (March - 2022 - R13)
Answer any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Main
What are the basic blocks of a Generalized Instrumentation System? Draw the various blocks and explain their Function.
Answer
A generalized instrumentation system is a functional representation of the components required to measure a physical variable and provide a usable output. The system consists of the following functional blocks:
- Primary Sensing Element: This element detects the physical quantity (measurand) and converts it into a usable electrical or mechanical signal.
- Variable Conversion Element: If the output of the primary sensor is not in a suitable form for subsequent stages, this element converts it into a more convenient variable (e.g., converting a displacement into a voltage).
- Variable Manipulation Element: This stage manipulates the signal to improve its magnitude or characteristics without changing the original information. Common operations include amplification, filtering, or attenuation.
- Data Transmission Element: This block transmits the signal from one location to another, often required when the measuring instrument is physically separated from the data processing or display unit.
- Data Processing Element: This stage performs complex operations on the signal, such as analog-to-digital conversion, integration, differentiation, or linearization, to prepare the data for final interpretation.
- Data Presentation Element: The final stage provides the information to the user in a readable format, such as a digital display, a recorder, or a computer screen.
The flow of the system is represented as: Measurand → Primary Sensing Element → Variable Conversion Element → Variable Manipulation Element → Data Transmission Element → Data Processing Element → Data Presentation Element.
Distinguish between the following terms with suitable examples.
International standards
Answer
International standards are defined by international agreement and represent the closest possible accuracy that current technology can achieve. They are maintained at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and are used to calibrate national standards. An example is the international prototype of the kilogram, which serves as the ultimate reference for mass measurements worldwide.
Primary standards
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Secondary standards
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Working standards.
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Derive the expression for the response of a second-order underdamped system when subjected to a unit step input. Sketch the response.
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What are the different standard inputs for studying the dynamic response of a system? Define and sketch them.
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Describe the method for measurement of temperature with the use of: RTD’s and Thermistors. List their advantages and limitations.
RTD’s
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Thermistors
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Describe the measurement method of differential pressure using an inductive transducer.
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What is Mcleod Gauge? And explain how to measure 0.01 to 1000 microns of low Pressure using a suitable neat diagram.
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Explain the Single transmitter-receiver, twin transmitter-receiver, and oscillating loop methods of ultrasonic & low meters for Gross Volume and Write the advantages of ultrasonic flow meters.
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