JNTU
JNTU B.Tech II CHEMICAL PROCESS CALCULATIONS Previous Question Paper (March - 2022 - R18)
Answer any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Main
Write about the kinetic theory of gases and extension of the kinetic theory.
Answer
The kinetic theory of gases describes gas behavior based on the motion of molecules. It assumes that gases consist of a large number of small particles in constant, random motion. Collisions between particles and container walls are perfectly elastic, meaning no kinetic energy is lost. The volume of the particles is negligible compared to the total gas volume, and intermolecular forces are assumed to be non-existent.
The extension of the kinetic theory accounts for real gas behavior by introducing the Van der Waals equation. This extension modifies the ideal gas law by incorporating two constants: a, which corrects for intermolecular attractive forces, and b, which corrects for the finite volume occupied by gas molecules. The equation is expressed as:
This extension allows the theory to accurately predict the behavior of gases at high pressures and low temperatures where ideal gas assumptions fail.
Explain the methods of expressing composition of mixtures and solutions.
Answer
Composition of mixtures and solutions is expressed through various quantitative methods to define the relative amounts of components present:
- Mass Fraction (wi): The ratio of the mass of a component to the total mass of the mixture.
- Mole Fraction (xi): The ratio of the number of moles of a component to the total number of moles in the mixture.
- Volume Fraction: The ratio of the volume of a component to the total volume of the mixture, often used for gas mixtures.
- Molarity (M): The number of moles of solute per liter of total solution volume.
- Molality (m): The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
- Normality (N): The number of gram-equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution.
- Parts per Million (ppm) or Parts per Billion (ppb): Used for trace concentrations, representing the mass of solute per million or billion parts of total solution mass.
- Mass Percent: The mass of a component per 100 units of total mass.
Write a brief note on Gases in chemical reactions with examples.
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Write the stoichiometric and mass relations.
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Write shorts on the following:
i) Absolute humidity ii) molal humidity
iii) Antoine equation iv) adiabatic vaporization.
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Explain the effect of temperature on vapor pressure.
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Explain about Vapor pressure of immiscible liquids.
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Air at a temperature of 20°C and a pressure of 750 mm Hg has a relative humidity of 80%.
i) Calculate the molal humidity of the air.
ii) Calculate the molal humidity of this air if its temperature is reduced to 10°C and its pressure increased to 35 psi, condensing out some of the water.
iii) Calculate the weight of water condensed from 1000 cu ft of the original wet air in cooling and compressing to the conditions of part b.
iv) Calculate the final volume of the wet air of part c.
Vapor pressure of water: 17.5 mm Hg at 20°C, 9.2 mm Hg at 10°C
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The spent acid from a nitrating process contains 33% H2SO4, 36% HNO3, and H2O by weight. This acid is to be strengthened by addition of concentrated sulfuric acid containing 95% H2SO4, and concentrated nitric acid containing 78% HNO3. The strengthened mixed acid is to contain 40% H2SO4 and 43% HNO3. Calculate the quantities of spent and concentrated acids that should be mixed together to yield 1500 lb of the desired mixed acid.
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A coal containing 87 % total carbon and 7% unoxidized hydrogen is burned in air
If air is used 40 % in excess of that theoretically requires, calculate the number of pounds of air used per pound of coal burned.
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Calculate the composition, by weight, of the gases leaving the furnace, assuming complete combustion.
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Explain about heat of formation and neutralization.
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What is the effect of temperature on heat of reaction? Explain with Kirchhoff equation.
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Calculate the excess air used in a furnace when the flue gas Orsat analysis is CO2-8.2, O2-9.9, CO-0.1, H2-0.4 and N2-81.4 (all in percent).
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A producer gas with the composition by volume, 27.3% CO, 5.4% CO2, 0.6% O2, 66.7% N2 is burnt with 20% excess air. If the combustion is 98% complete, calculate the composition by volume of the flue gases.
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