JNTU
JNTU Pharm. D I Year HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Previous Question Paper (September/October - 2021 - R08)
Answer any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Main
With the help of neat labelled diagram, explain the structure and functions of various components of a cell.
Answer
A cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of life. It consists of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and various membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized tasks.
1. Plasma Membrane: A selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell.
2. Nucleus: The control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA). It regulates cell metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
3. Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, these organelles perform cellular respiration to generate ATP, the primary energy currency.
4. Ribosomes: Small particles composed of RNA and protein that serve as the sites for protein synthesis.
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes involved in protein synthesis (Rough ER, due to ribosomes) and lipid synthesis/detoxification (Smooth ER).
6. Golgi Apparatus: A stack of flattened sacs that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
7. Lysosomes: Membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances.
8. Cytoskeleton: A network of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments) that provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates intracellular transport.
Diagram Description: A typical animal cell diagram should feature a central nucleus with a nucleolus, surrounded by the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria should be depicted as oval structures with internal cristae. The Golgi apparatus appears as a stack of curved cisternae. Lysosomes are represented as small vesicles, all suspended within the cytosol and enclosed by a distinct plasma membrane.
Classify joints and mention their functions? Give a specific example (name two bones) for each of the following types of joints:
Hinge
Answer
A hinge joint allows movement in only one plane (flexion and extension). Example: The humerus and the ulna (elbow joint).
Symphysis
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Pivot
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Suture
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Ball and socket.
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Describe the clotting process. Define Anemia, Leukocytosis, and Thrombocytopenia.
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Define: i) Hypertension ii) Hypotension iii) Angina and iv) Myocardial infarction.
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State the part of the body supplied by each of the following arteries: i) Bronchial ii) Femoral iii) Hepatic iv) Brachial.
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Describe the anatomy and physiology of lungs. Write a note on respiratory volumes.
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Describe the functions of:
Parasympathetic nervous system
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Pancreas
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Thyroid gland
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Ear.
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Write a note on:
Renin-Angiotensin system
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Adrenal gland
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Contraceptive devices
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Importance of Body fluids and salts during exercise.
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Describe the anatomy and physiology of urinary system. Write a note on skeletal muscle disorders.
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